Cairns Municipal, Cairns City and Cairns Regional Council (1885-current)

Richard Ash Kingsford - Mayor 1885-1886, 1889

Richard Ash Kingsford was born in Canterbury, England in October 1821. He arrived at Sydney in 1852 and went to Brisbane in 1854.

In May 1875, he was elected for the South Brisbane seat in the Legislative Assembly. He served as an alderman on the South Brisbane Municipal Council in 1875-76 and was elected mayor of Brisbane in 1876. He moved to Cairns after losing his seat in the 1883 election.

In 1884, he was elected Chairman of the Cairns Divisional Board - which later became the Cairns Municipal Council, then Cairns City Council. When Cairns was proclaimed a municipality in 1885, Kingsford was unanimously elected mayor by his fellow aldermen. He was re-elected for a further term. In 1888, he stood for the new Cairns seat in the Legislative Assembly, but was defeated.

He died in Cairns on 2 January 1902 and is buried in the McLeod Street Pioneer Cemetery.

Kingsford Street in Mooroobool is named in his honour.

Louis Severin - Mayor 1886-88, 1891, 1903

Severin was born in France in 1848 and went on to become a builder, brickworks operator, architect and influential business man. He served as Mayor of Cooktown in 1876.

He was an original member of the Cairns Divisional Board (which was proclaimed in November 1879) and served as Mayor three times.

Severin Street, which services the suburbs of Manunda and Paramatta Park, is named after this former Mayor who died in Cairns in 1904.

Callaghan Walsh - Mayor 1890

Callaghan Walsh was born in the County of Cork in Ireland on 24 May 1842 and arrived in Queensland in 1862.

In the early 1860s, he was a prominent merchant on the Gympie goldfield and at the outbreak of the Palmer goldfield, he and his brother were attracted to the north. He was a merchant in Cooktown, Port Douglas, Mareeba, Herberton and Cairns.

Walsh served as a member of many organisations including the Cairns Rice Milling Company of which he was Chairman in 1889. He also held positions as Chairman of Directors of the Mossman Central Sugar Mill, President of the Cairns Chamber of Commerce and Railway League, and he was one of the earliest Chairmen of the Cairns Harbour Board (1906).

During his long residence in north Queensland, Callaghan also occupied the position of Mayor of Cooktown.

Walsh Street in Edge Hill is named after this former Mayor who passed away in Brisbane on 4 April 1918.

Alexander Frederick John Draper - Mayor 1891-3, 1897, 1902, 1918-19, 1924-27

Alexander Frederick John Draper was born in Williamston, Victoria in April 1863. He was a commission agent, auctioneer and merchant. During his early career with the Bank of Australasia, he was transferred to Townsville then settled in Cairns as manager.

He became actively involved in local affairs including the railway league, hospital committee, fire brigade, progress association and sporting bodies. Draper was elected to council in 1885 and rapidly became prominent, rising to hold the office of Mayor in 1891-93, 1897, 1902, 1918 and 1924-27. He resigned from Council only when defeated for the mayoralty in 1927.

He was an active figure in the sugar industry, and was foundation Chairman of both the Queensland Sugar Producers' Association (1907) and the Cairns Cane Growers' Association (1911).

Draper Street in Cairns, which runs between Parramatta Park and Portsmith, is named after this former Mayor who died in Brisbane in March 1928.

Daniel Patience - Mayor 1893-94

An early settler in Cairns, Daniel Patience was an entrepreneur who made his mark on the commercial development of Cairns. He was a highly respected citizen and was appointed manager of the Cairns branch of the Burns Philp Trading Company.

Patience served with R A Kingsford (inaugural Mayor, Cairns Municipal Council) on the town's progress association. He served as a town alderman before becoming one-term Mayor at the 1893 election.

He was also a member of the Magistrates’ Bench, President of the Chamber of Commerce and President of the Cairns School of Arts.

He died in Sydney in July 1909. Patience Street in Manoora is named after this former Mayor.

James Lyons - Mayor 1895-96

James Lyons was born in Ireland in 1843.  He migrated to Queensland and went to the Palmer River gold field before moving to Cairns in 1881 where he established a sawmill and timber export enterprise.

A long-serving alderman, he served as Mayor from 1895 to 1896. Lyons was later elected to the Queensland Parliament 1902-05.

He also spent time as the President of both the Cairns Chamber of Commerce and Cairns Bowls Club before he died in July 1915.

Lyons Street running between Westcourt, Bungalow and Portsmith is named in honour of this former Mayor.

Karl Aumuller - Mayor 1898

Karl Aumuller was born in Nassau, Germany in 1829 and landed in Sydney in 1849.  He worked on sheep stations in New England and southern Queensland before settling in Cairns.

He served on the Cairns Municipal Council from 1838 to 1898, holding the office of Mayor in the latter year. He was also a member of the Cairns Chamber of Commerce.

Aumuller Street running through Manunda, Westcourt, Bungalow and Portsmith is named after him. He died in Cairns in November 1900.

Lyne Brown - Mayor 1899

Lyne Brown was born in November 1845.

A railway photographer and draftsman, he took many photos of the construction of the Cairns District Railways. He was also a member of the Fire Brigade Board.

Lyne Brown served as an alderman on the Cairns Municipal Council from 1897 and was elected Mayor for 1899. He resigned as alderman in February 1905.

Brown died in June 1921, and Brown Street in Cairns is named after him.

Richard A. Tills - 1890, 1900-01, 1907

Richard A. Tills was born in Hull, England in 1860 and igrated to Australia in 1882. He initially worked in Mackay and Townsville before settling in Cairns in 1883.  He worked as a contract builder and operated a joinery works and Cairns Sawmill Company.

He was elected an alderman of the Cairns Divisional Board in 1885, and was unanimously elected as Chairman in 1890.  He was elected Mayor three times (1900, 1901 and 1907).  He nominated for Queensland Parliament in 1904 but was unsuccessful.

During his extensive public life, Tills helped re-establish the Cairns School of Arts Technical College, was a member of the Barron Divisional Board, President of the Cairns Chamber of Commerce, member of the Cairns Hospital Committee, and a Licensing Justice. He was appointed Public Works Inspector in 1914, a role he held for 13 years until his retirement in 1927.

Tills Street in Westcourt is named after this former Mayor who died in Cairns in June 1937.

Donald McLachlan - Mayor 1904

Donald McLachlan was the proprietor of a joinery works as well as being Chairman of the Cairns Ambulance Committee 1904-1908. He was instrumental in the formation of the local ambulance brigade in Cairns.

McLachlan Street in Manunda is named after this former Mayor.

Charles McKenzie - Mayor 1905, 1912-13

Charles McKenzie was born in Braemar, Scotland in 1865 and arrived in Cairns in 1888. McKenzie operated a successful tailoring premises in Abbott Street and involved himself in civic matters, continuing to serve as an Alderman for several years after his term as Mayor. He was highly respected in Cairns and also served as Chairman of the Cairns School Committee. Charles and McKenzie streets in North Cairns are both named after him. Charles McKenzie died in Cairns in May 1914.

Edward Campbell Earl - Mayor 1906

Edward Campbell Earl was born in Bowen Queensland in January 1874. He settled in Cairns in 1900 where he acquired considerable business interests. He was a member of the Barron Shire Council for six years (twice Chairman) and was elected to the Cairns Municipal Council in 1905.

He was elected Council Mayor in February 1906 and was also elected inaugural Chairman of the Cairns Harbour Board in March of that same year.

At various times, he served as President of the Cairns Agricultural, Pastoral and Mining Association and the Cairns-Mulgrave Jockey Club.

He and his family lived on an estate named “Balaclava”, after which Balaclava Road in Earlville is named. The suburb Earlville was named after their eldest son, Edward Campbell Patrick Earl, who inherited the house. Earl Street in Westcourt is named after this former Mayor.

E C Earl died in Leura, New South Wales in October 1930 and is buried in the Katoomba Cemetery.

Sinclair Miller - Mayor 1908

Sinclair Miller was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1858. Miller was a builder and sawmill proprietor as well as being Chairman of the Cairns Central School Committee and Chairman of Cairns District Hospital Committee.

By the time of his election as Mayor in 1908, Miller had considerable experience as a Councillor. During his successful term in office, he also upheld the position of First Magistrate.

Miller died in Cairns in 1929.

John Coxall - Mayor 1909

John Coxall was born in Tenterfield, New South Wales in 1864. He worked as a stockbroker and entered public life as an Alderman of Tenterfield. Coxall served as Mayor of the town for a term.

After moving to Cairns in 1897, he pursued mining, railway and local government interests. He became an Alderman in 1907 and was unanimously elected Mayor in 1909.  In late 1909, Coxall was selected as local candidate for the Legislative Assembly.

Coxall Street in Mooroobool is named after this him. John Coxall died in October 1936 and is buried at the Belgian Gardens Cemetery in Townsville.

Andrew Hartill-Law - Mayor 1910

Andrew Hartill-Law was born in Staffordshire, England in 1859 and landed in Queensland in 1880. A skilled mechanical engineer and member of the American Society of Engineers since 1906, he operated the Phoenix Foundry and Engine Works in Cairns.

Hartill-Law was an alderman from 1908 to 1913 and served as Mayor for one year in 1910.  He was also a member of Cairns School of Arts, and member, and member and President of the Cairns Technical College.

He died in Cairns in March 1940. Law Street in North Cairns is named after this former Mayor.

John George Hoare - Mayor 1911, 1920-23 and 1923-24

John Hoare came to Cairns in the early 1890s as a telegraph operator with the Post and Telegraph Department. He established himself as an auctioneer and commission agent, and operated a poultry farm 'Eureka' outside Cairns.

He first became an alderman of the Cairns Town Council in 1909 and was re-apppointed in 1910, 1911 (as Mayor), 1918, 1919 and 1920 (again as Mayor). In 1921 he was elected Mayor for the first three-year term of office of Mayor, holding the position until 1923.

He was re-elected as an alderman in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929 and for three-year terms in 1930-1933 and 1933-1936.

Hoare was a City Council representative on the Barron Falls Hydro Electricity Board from 1932 to 1936, and founder of the Cairns Penny Savings Bank. He was a keen sportsman and several-times champion of the Cairns Bowling Club, as well as an active marksman and keen football enthusiast.

After retiring from public office, he moved to Brisbane where he passed away in August 1944. Hoare Street in Manunda is named after this former Mayor.

Thomas G Dillon - Mayor 1914, 1915-1916

Thomas Dillon was born in Ballywilliam Newcross, Ireland in February 1851.  He landed in Brisbane with his wife, and they settled in Cairns in 1894.
He was involved with the Cairns railway in its building stages and took a keen interest in public matters.

Dillon was a successful hotel proprietor on the Atherton Tablelands, operated the well-known Dillon's Cordial Factory (established by his father) in Cairns. He suffered a severe accident at the factory in 1916 and died in Atherton in May 1917.

Dillon Street in Westcourt is named in this Mayor’s honour.

John Griffiths - Mayor 1915

John Griffiths was born in Wales in 1866 and emigrated to Australia in 1887.  He spent time in Charleville and Ipswich before moving to Cairns, where he operated businesses in timber and undertaking.

In addition to occupying a seat on the Council, he was a long-standing Chairman of the Cairns Ambulance.

Due to ill-health, John Griffiths resigned as Mayor in September 1915. Former Mayor Alderman T Dillon was elected for the balance of Griffiths' term.

Griffiths died in Cairns in September 1917 aged 52.  Griffiths Street in Manoora is named after him.

Thomas Henry Donaldson - Mayor 1917

T H Donaldson arrived in Cairns around 1910 where he worked as manager of Samuel Allen and Sons.

He became involved in civic affairs and was elected to Council. He was also a member of the Cairns Harbour Board, Cairns Chamber of Commerce and Cairns Show Association (Vice-President). He was connected with several sporting groups including the Cairns Bowling Club and and Cairns Jockey Club (President).

Donaldson left Cairns in 1920 and moved to Brisbane to pursue business interests. Donaldson Street in Manunda is named after this former Mayor.

Richard Cowle Foxdale Gelling - Mayor 1919

Richard Cowle Foxdale Gelling arrived in Cairns from Charters Towers in 1905. He was a coachbuilder and member of the Masonic fraternity.

He returned to Charters Towers in 1951 and died there in October 1952. He was buried at the Martyn Street Cemetery. Gelling Street in Cairns North is named after this former Mayor.

William Aloysius Collins - Mayor 1927-1949

William Aloysius Collins was born in Herberton in 1887.  He completed secondary school at St Joseph's College in Nudgee (Brisbane) and returned to Herberton in 1906 where he completed his apprenticeship as a pharmaceutical chemist.

He opened a pharmacy in Cairns in 1911 and became active in civic life.  He served a record 22 years as Mayor of the city and was defeated at the local elections in 1949.

During his time as Mayor, Collins was instrumental in reviving the Cairns Show, establishing a committee which successfully negotiated an agreement for shared use of the Parramatta Park Sports Reserve as a showground.

He was also one of the founders of the Barron Falls Hydro Electricity Board, first Chairman of the Cairns Regional Electricity Board (1945) and Chairman of Cairns Cricket Association.

William and his wife had a grand house on Collins Avenue, Edge Hill known as “Collins Estate”.  Collins Avenue is named after them.  In later years, Collins' wife Monica donated land to the Cairns RSL Sub branch for the building of retirement homes for local returned servicemen.

W A Collins died in Cairns in June 1959 and is buried in a family plot in the Martyn Street Cemetery.

William Henry Murchison - Mayor 1949-1952

William Henry Murchison was born in Bowen, Queensland in 1892. He was a railway guard who took an active part in Australian Railway Union and ALP affairs.

He was as a member of the Barron Falls Hydro Electricity Board, Chairman of Cairns Regional Electricity Board, Chairman of Cairns Fire Brigade Board, and inaugural Chairman of the Cairns Hospitals Board when it was constituted in 1925.

Murchison served as an Alderman for 19 years, deputy Mayor for 10 years and Mayor for two and a half years. He died in office in January 1952, aged 59 years. He was farewelled with a large civic funeral and mile-long cortege, before being buried at the Martyn St cemetery.

Murchison Street in Whitfield is named after him.

William J. Fulton - Mayor 1952-60

William J. Fulton was born in Cairns in 1909 and attended the Central State School and Cairns High School. He served an apprenticeship in Cairns for five years and represented Cairns in football, hockey, rifle shooting and cycling.

He was the proprietor of the Northern Cycle and Sports Depot, and took a prominent part in local activities. His father had previously been an alderman on the Cairns City Council for some 15 years.

When war broke out, Fulton enlisted and was seriously wounded in Tobruk when serving with the 2nd 9th AIF. He is one of the original Rats of Tobruk. After repatriation, he rejoined the AIF and went to Morotai and Borne. Upon discharge from army service, he reopened his sporting goods business in Cairns. He served as President of the RSL District Council, President of the Rats of Tobruk Association, and was a member of Legacy. An accomplished musician, he toured Queensland, NSW and New Zealand with the Cairns Citizens' Band (51st Battalion).

Fulton first successfully contested the Council elections in 1946, and was relected in 1949 (when he was appointed Deputy Mayor). On the death of incumbent Mayor Murchison in February 1952, Fulton was appointed Mayor for the remainder of the term. He was re-elected unopposed in May 1952 for a three-year term.

In 1958, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Member for Leichhardt (ALP), and was re-elected in 1961, 1963, 1966, 1969, 1972 and 1974. He retired prior to general elections 1975.

Fulton died in Cairns in November 1988. Fulton Street in Whitfield is named after this previous Mayor.

Seymour Darcy Eagle Chataway - Mayor 1960-67

S. Darcy Chataway was born in Mackay in January 1895.

Chataway embarked with the 8th reinforcements 26th Battalion as Private 3472 from Brisbane on 3 January 1916 and returned on 24 December 1918. He is named on the Mackay Old Town Hall Honour Roll.

He worked for Queensland Railways in Cairns and was an active member of the Australian Labour Party. He was elected to Council in 1942 and served as Mayor of Cairns from 1960 to 1967. He was awarded a Coronation Medal in June 1953.

S D E Chataway passed away in 1978. Chataway Street in Mooroobool is named after him.

Colin George Penridge - Mayor 1967-1969

Colin Penridge was born in Bundaberg in 1910. He worked as a railway station master and a real estate agent.

He stood for Council as an independent and defeated the ALP candidate (and former deputy Mayor) in 1967. He was also a member of the Cairns Travel League.

Penridge died in Cairns in August 1969 and is buried in the Martyn Street Cemetery.

David Thomas De Jarlais - Mayor 1969-73, 1976-78

David Thomas De Jarlais was born in Emuford, an old mining town in North Queensland, in October 1913. He was manager of the Cairns Gas Supply Company for ten years and proprietor of the Gas Appliance Centre in Cairns.

As well as being a life Member of the Cairns Show Association, he was Chairman of Starr Bowkett and the Northern Cooperative Building Society.

De Jarlais Street in Earlville and a pavilion at the Cairns Showground are named after him. De Jarlais passed away while in office in 1978.

Kevin Francis Crathern - Mayor 1973-76

Kevin Francis Crathern was born in Richmond, Victoria on 1 April 1922. He was a boilermaker, served in the Australian Navy in 1942-46, and was a keen sportsman.

He was a founding member of the Cairns Australian Football League in August 1955, and was President of the League for 18 years (1957-1974).  The CAFL's Best and Fairest Medal was named after him in 1973.

Former Mayor Crathern died in Cairns on 16 December 2001. Crathern Street in Edge Hill is named after him.

Ronald Davis - Mayor 1978-88

Ronald Davis was born in Cairns in May 1928. He attended Cairns High School and later night school, while he worked his way up the ranks at AJ Drapers. He became manager of CTL Glass and Hardware, an auctioneer and valuer, and was a member of the Cairns Port Authority.

During his time as Mayor, Davis was part of an action committee that lobbied the Federal Government for local ownership of the increasingly-busy Cairns airport. He has also served as President of the Cairns Show Association, Director of Telecasters North Queensland, and Senior Vice President of the Cairns Amateurs.

He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).

Davis Close in Manoora is named after him.

Keith Goodwin - Mayor 1988-90

Keith Goodwin was born in Brisbane in 1945. He was a teacher, Director of Adult Education Brisbane in 1974, and Officer in charge of Cairns TAFE. He was a confident public speaker and was a prominent member of the Jaycees - of which he was national President and also a special adviser to the world president of Jaycees and an Australian senator to Jaycees International.

Goodwin and his Alliance team were elected to the Cairns City Council in 1988, on a platform of ensuring that the city's growth and development was in harmony with the environment and lifestyle of its people. He famously led demonstrations on the Esplanade mudflats to oppose the state government's plans for a multi-million-dollar marina development. In May 1988, he was elected as Chairman of the Queensland Local Government Executive.

He died (in his first term in office) in a plane crash at Mt Emerald on 11 May 1990. The tragedy also claimed the lives of eight other local government members who, with Goodwin, were returning from a conference at Airlie Beach.

Keith Goodwin had a simple creed. He signed his letters, "Keith Goodwin, Cairns, where people make the difference."

John Peter Cleland - Mayor 1990-91

John Peter Cleland was born in Gordonvale on 7 September 1940. He was a chemist and keen cricketer, serving as President of Cairns Cricket Association. He was also President of Cairns/Mulgrave Water Supply Board.

On the tragic death of incumbent Mayor Goodwin in a plane crash in May 1990, Cleland was appointed Mayor for the remainder of the term.  He died in office on 25 December 1991.

The John Cleland Memorial Pavilion at Endeavour Park is named in his honour.

Thomas Alfred Pyne - Mayor 1995-1999

Thomas Alfred Pyne was born in Babinda in January 1935. He worked as a railway worker, wood machinist and also served in the Royal Queensland Regiment Reserve, attaining the rank of sergeant.

In 1961, he was first elected as Councillor with Mulgrave Shire Council. He was elected Deputy Shire Chairman in 1975 and in 1979, was elected unopposed as Chairman following the retirement of former Chairman Ken Alley.

Tom Pyne was re-elected as Chairman in 1982, 1983, 1988 and 1991. In 1995, he was elected inaugural Mayor of the newly amalgamated Cairns City Council (created through the forced merger of Mulgrave Shire and Cairns City).

Pyne was also a prominent member of the Local Government Association of Queensland, becoming a member of the Local Government Executive in 1979. He was re-appointed in 1985, 1988 and 1991, and served as LGAQ President from 1997 to 2000.

In 2000, Tom Pyne was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia, and in 2001 he was awarded the Centenary Medal.

He retired from public service in 2000, having never lost an election. Pyne died in Babinda on 30 October 2011.

Kevin Michael Byrne - Mayor 1992-95, 2000- 2008

Kevin Michael Byrne was born in Lae, Papua New Guinea in 1949. He completed primary school on Manus Island and attended Nudgee College in Brisbane for his secondary education.

Byrne was commissioned into the Australian Army in 1969. During his 17 year military career, he served throughout Australia and overseas in Malaya, Singapore, PNG, Rhodesia and South Vietnam. On discharge from the army, he was appointed Regional Manager for the Office of Northern and Regional Development in Cairns, and later became Regional Manager of the Queensland Confederation of Industry.

He was elected Mayor in 1992 and was re-elected in 1994 before being defeated in 1995 following the amalgamation of Cairns City and Mulgrave Shire.

Immediately afterwards, he directed the administrative effort of a giant oil spill clean up in northern Russia. He then worked as Chief Executive of the PNG Tourism Promotion Authority and was deputy Chair of Air Niugini, before returning Cairns in December 1999.

Kevin Byrne was once again elected as Mayor of Cairns on 25 March 2000 and re-elected in March 2004. He was defeated at the 2008 election.

Valerie Jean Schier - Mayor 2008-2012

Val Schier was born in rural Tasmania and moved to Tropical North Queensland in 1982 after working in WA and the NT.

She had a long career in training, employment, education and management prior to running for local government.

Schier was elected Mayor of the newly-amalgamated Cairns Regional Council in March 2008 and was the first woman to hold the position of Mayor in Cairns. She was defeated at the 2012 local government election.

Robert Charles Manning OAM - Mayor 2012-2023

Bob Manning OAM has a wealth of experience in senior management roles in Australia and overseas. He is a Vietnam veteran, former Shire Clerk of Longreach Shire Council and former CEO of the Cairns Port Authority (1984-2002).

He has worked in Jordan as a strategic management consultant on a US aid project, and in South Korea as a tourism and port development advisor. He served as General Manager of the Cairns ship building company NQEA, and in 2005 was appointed CEO of Hermes Airports Ltd (Cyprus).

Manning was awarded Cairns Citizen of the Year in 2002, and in 2004 he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for his service to the Cairns community through the development and promotion of the tourism, marine and aviation industries. He is a Life Member of Tourism Tropical North Queensland.

Bob Manning became Mayor of Cairns in 2012 as leader of the apolitical Unity Team. He was re-elected in 2016 and 2020, and retired from office on 17 November 2023.

Terry James - Mayor 2023-2024

Born and educated in Cairns, Terry James has been a business owner in the region for more than 45 years.

He has served for more than 20 years, firstly with Cairns City Council (1994 to 1995), then on Cairns Regional Council from 1999 to 2008, and from 2012 to current.

In that time, he has served as Acting and Deputy Mayor, is the chair of the Local Disaster Management Group, and is a representative on the District Disaster Management Group and Cairns Gallery Precinct Project Steering Committee.

Terry James was elected by a majority of Councillors as the city's 35th Mayor at an Ordinary Council Meeting on 22 November 2024, following the resignation of Bob Manning. He was defeated at the 2024 local government election.

Amy Eden - current Mayor

Amy Eden was elected as Mayor of Cairns in 2024. She previously represented Division 5 during the 2020-2024 Council term.

Born and raised in the Top End (Northern Territory), Amy is self-titled ‘Territory tough’, a straight shooter who values honesty and integrity. Growing up in a small community, Amy has learned and values deeply the importance and power of working together.

‘Almost a local’ Amy and her husband moved to Cairns in 2003 and they've been here ever since.

Amy completed her Bachelor of Social Work from JCU Smithfield in 2008 and has more than 12 years’ experience developing, delivering and managing a broad range of programs and projects with a strategic focus on increasing community engagement and participation in both government and non-government sectors.

Committed to working in the community, Amy has volunteered countless hours to establish and support the Manoora Community Garden and the positive movement project, 3MPride.

Amy is well recognised for her leadership and commitment to the community. She has won the Australian Institute of Management Cairns Community Leader (2017) award, the Cairns Business Women’s Club Volunteer of the Year (2017) award and was a finalist of Cairns Regional Council’s 2019 Citizen of the Year awards.

Guided by the mantra ‘actions speak louder than words’, Amy has built a reputation as a doer - someone who gets things done.